Research Notes

 Stone's theorem is the basic result describing group-like unitary flows on Hilbert space. If the map $t \mapsto U(t)$ is continuous in a sense we will make precise later, and each $U(t)$ is a unitary map on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H},$ and we have $U(t+s)=U(t)U(s),$ then Stone's theorem asserts the existence of a (self-adjoint, positive definite, unbounded) operator $\Delta$ satisfying $U(t) = \Delta^{it}.$ This reduces the study of group-like unitary flows to the study of (self-adjoint, etc etc) operators. Quantum mechanically, it tells us that every group-like unitary evolution is generated by a time-independent Hamiltonian. This lets us study very general symmetry transformations in terms of Hamiltonians. The standard proof of Stone's theorem, which you'll see if you look at Wikipedia , involves trying to make sense of a limit like $\lim_{t \to 0} (U(t) - 1)/t$. However, I have recently learned of a beautiful proof of Stone's theorem that works instead by stud...

Lately I've been thinking a lot about algebras of operators acting on a Hilbert space, since they provide an extremely useful tool for thinking about locality in quantum field theory. I'm working on a review article about Tomita-Takesaki modular theory to supplement my recent review on the type classification of von Neumann algebras . The core object of study in Tomita-Takesaki theory is a one-parameter group of unitary operators $\Delta^{it},$ generated by a single positive (often unbounded) operator $\Delta.$ In physics, the Tomita-Takesaki unitaries furnish a "hidden thermodynamic symmetry" of a physical state. A lot of interesting physics and mathematics can be learned by studying the analytic structure of the function $z \mapsto \Delta^{z}$ for generic complex $z,$ or of the function $z \mapsto \Delta^{z} |\psi\rangle$ for generic complex $z$ and some fixed state $|\psi\rangle.$ But in order to do this, we need to understand how to do complex analysis for operat...

I'm on a quest to learn about operator algebras in the hopes of understanding the many interesting ways they have been applied to quantum field theory. This note is the first in a series that will build the essential aspects of the theory from the ground up. I will not prove everything, giving references for the proofs of many lemmas, but I will try to give enough detail that the mathematical underpinnings of the theory are clear. This post is about $L^p$ spaces. These are Banach spaces of functions — with the $L^{\infty}$ space actually being a Banach algebra — that show up frequently in the theory of general operator algebras. I will introduce the basics of measure theory and the general theory of Lebesgue integration, introduce the $L^p$ spaces, and prove some basic theorems concerning them. The outline is: In section 1 , I will introduce the basic tools of measure theory: $\sigma$-algebras, measurable functions, and measures. In section 2 , I will discuss some element...